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French authorities condemned the book, and Voltaire fled from Paris to the independent duchy of Lorraine. The letters praised English institutions, thereby constituting an indirect criticism of their French counterparts. The work appeared in France in 1734 in an unauthorized edition, Philosophical Letters. In 1733 he published in England Letters Concerning the English Nation. His 1728 “Poem of the League,” later retitled “The Henriad,” was an eloquent defense of religious toleration. When given a choice between continued imprisonment and exile, Voltaire chose exile. He upheld the rights of men of letters against the arbitrary power of the king and of the nobles. His unjust confinement only strengthened his passion for justice. Voltaire’s writings won him fame, but in 1726 he feuded with a powerful young nobleman, the Chevalier de Rohan, and again was thrown into the Bastille. In 1717 he was imprisoned in the Bastille for satirical verses that ridiculed the government, and especially the regent, Philippe II, Duke of Orleans. In 1713 Voltaire was briefly exiled to the Netherlands.
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The result was a series of imprisonments and exiles. Voltaire's writings resulted in imprisonment and exileĪfter defying his father’s wishes that he become a lawyer, Voltaire pursued his first love, writing, which quickly sparked difficulties with the authorities because of his sometimes harsh attacks on the government and the Catholic Church.
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Also commonly attributed to Voltaire is the saying “I may disagree with you, but I defend to the death your right to say it.” (Author Evelyn Beatrice Hall attributed the saying to Voltaire in her work The Friends of Voltaire ). His rallying cry was “ écrasez l’infâme” (“let us crush the evil thing”), referring to religious superstition. Meanwhile, he rejected everything irrational and incomprehensible and championed freedom of thought. He pleaded for a socially involved type of literature. Voltaire’s prolific biting satire and philosophical writings demonstrated his aversion to Christianity, intolerance, and tyranny.
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Voltaire was the pen name of Francois-Marie Arouet (1694–1778), a French author and philosopher of the Enlightenment period, who served as an inspiration to those on both sides of the Atlantic who were interested in free inquiry and secularism. (Image via Library of Congress, public domain) He rejected everything irrational and incomprehensible and championed freedom of thought. 18th century French satirist and philosopher Voltaire was an important influence on those who sought justice, free inquiry, and separation of church and state.